INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
One of our primary objectives in this first installment to the series on general science, is to present science as an activity to be enjoyed and pursued, not feared and avoided. This lesson, and in fact the whole series, is written to revive the students' natural curiosity about the world and the universe.
This lesson introduces the students to the steps of the scientific method and illustrates its application with a simulated approach of the scientific method.
As the video takes a backward look into the history of science the students learn how the nature of science has changed through the centuries, from folklore and superstition to objective reasoning and investigation. The importance of names like Aristotle, Newton, Einstein and so on are discussed and the contribution of writing as a way of storing information for future generations is noted. In listing the divisions and subdivisions of science, it is pointed out that they all overlap and are in reality one story. Finally, this lesson imparts the idea that science is ever changing, evolving as new knowledge becomes available. [color, 18 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0001
THE METRIC SYSTEM
Designed to eradicate “metric-phobia,” this video lesson makes using the metric system seem very logical. By relating it to our monetary system, students readily see the similarity between the two. The basic units for length, weight, and volume are introduced first and are followed by illustrated discussions of the decimal and exponential values for the common prefixes, i.e. centi = 0.01 or ten raised to the negative two power; kilo = 1,000 or 10 to the third power. Several conversion problems are worked in a step-by-step fashion to enable the students to understand the logic of the operations. Some time is also devoted to finding the area and volume of objects using metrics. The English equivalents are deliberately avoided to facilitate the students' ability to think metric. Still, students are shown the absolute values for the basic units. Acceptance of and competence in metrics are the objectives of this video. [color, 18 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0002
MATTER
Elementary school science books tell us that matter is anything that has weight and takes up space. But now the story gets a little more involved. This video teaches students that when referring to matter, the term “mass” should be used, not weight. The difference between the two is graphically illustrated. Another surprise for some: Most of the matter in the universe is composed of plasma, not the familiar forms: solid, liquid and gas. Students will realize that whether a material is a liquid, gas or solid, is determined by factors such as temperature, pressure and the inter-molecular attractive forces. These forces of attraction between the molecules are in turn effected by electrical charges on the molecules. Based on this information it becomes apparent why oxygen, for example, is a gas at any temperature above -183 degrees C, while iron is a gas only at temperatures above 3000 degrees C. The concept of density is also discussed along with Archimedes Principle and his humorous “Eureka” story. Students see how this principle is used to explain how a hot air balloon rises, or how a lead block can float in a pool of mercury. [color, 20 minutes] $39.95 TT0021
ENERGY
Love may “make the world go ‘round,” but it’s energy that keeps the universe humming. In this video lesson, students learn that energy transfer always accompanies a chemical, physical or nuclear change. Emphasis is placed on the differences in the nature of these changes. We note by experiment, that sometimes energy is absorbed, sometimes it is released. The concept of kinetic versus potential energy is explored. Particularly impressive is the heating of ice water without a rise in the temperature. Students see firsthand in this case that the heat energy is stored in the water molecules as the ice melts. They may be equally amazed to learn that the same amount of heat is given back whenever the water freezes again. Reminding the students of how easily their rooms become disarrayed introduces them to the idea of entropy. Another critical concept is the notion that all systems in nature tend to seek the lowest energy level, or run down hill. [color, 20 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0022
ACIDS, BASES, SALTS AND SOLUTIONS
Why does salt dissolve in water but not in gasoline? Why does water bead-up on a waxed surface? What really happens to cause bubbles to form when we open a bottle of pop? These questions and many more are answered in this video lesson as we investigate the nature of solutions in general...acids, bases and salts in particular. We begin by comparing acids to bases and explaining the concept of pH and illustrating color change reactions with various indicators. Common household examples of acids and bases are given. Next, salts are introduced as products of acid-base neutralization reactions. At this point, balancing equations are introduced and students are given an opportunity to perfect their skills in this area. Does temperature have any effect on how much solute can be dissolved in a solvent? The old “like dissolves like” adage is explained by pointing out that polar dissolves polar and non-polar dissolves non-polar substances. Examples of various combinations of solutions are discussed as well as mixtures which cannot be classified as solutions. These would include suspensions and colloids. This video presents the theoretical aspect alongside the practical everyday examples. [color, 18 minutes] $39.95 TT0023
CHEMISTRY
Chemistry, the science that concentrates on how matter interacts. This lesson explains what really happens when elements unite to form compounds. We see that there is a relationship between the element’s position on the periodic table and its chemical characteristics. Furthermore, there is a relationship between the number of valence electrons and the chemical properties of an element. Why will some atoms combine while others won’t? The student will understand how the number of electrons in the outer level of an atom can determine the formula of a compound when they combine. When electrons are transferred ions are formed leading to the creation of an ionic bond. Considerable time will be devoted to determining formulas of compounds and the balancing of chemical equations. This video presents the often frustrating, baffling task of equation-balancing in a logical common sense manner. Students will learn about single displacement, synthesis, and double displacement reactions as they practice writing the equations with the instructor. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0024
APPLIED CHEMISTRY
“Better living through chemistry.” In presenting real world applications of chemistry, this video lesson illustrates several examples of how this abstract science has impacted everyone’s life. Students should come to realize that most of the materials and inventions they use daily and perhaps take for granted would not exist were it not for the application of chemical principles. Plastics, water purification and softening, detergents, synthetic rubber, petroleum fractionation are a few of the topics covered in detail. Why does rubber stretch? A cake rise? These are a few of the questions that chemistry can answer. Students will find the anecdotal story of Goodyear’s accidental discovery of rubber vulcanization entertaining as well as informative. The lesson concludes by looking into the future. If chemistry has changed our lives so drastically in the past 100 years, what will the next 100 bring? An entertaining, educational and provocative video lesson. [color, 19 minutes] $39.95 TT0025
WAVES & SOUND
Lightning flashes, but it’s several seconds before you hear the thunder. The sound of a dog whistle excites your pet, but you can’t even hear it. These are a few of the curiosities explored in this video lesson on sound and waves. Students will learn all about wave motion, including the relationship between wavelength, frequency and speed. They will calculate the frequency of a wave, given its speed and wavelength. Standing waves and resonance, pitch and the Doppler effect are all covered. A sound wave is dissected and students see how rarefaction and compression cycles of a sound wave are propagated through matter. The relationships between pitch, frequency, amplitude and loudness are explored. Students will learn what a decibel is and how the numbers relate to sound intensity. Finally, this video provides an excellent foundation for the lesson on light. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0026
LIGHT
Light. A form of energy that makes vision possible. Our sense of sight, so precious to all, allows us to perceive the world around us, appreciate its beauty, and to understand its wonders. But what is the nature of this energy form? What are some of its properties? How is it produced? How does it behave? What does light have to do with a laser? How do glasses and mirrors bend and reflect light? How can we explain color? These are just a few of the topics we cover in this lesson. We’ll tell you some facts that may surprise you too. For instance, did you know that we are blind to most of the wave energies surrounding us? Did you know there is evidence to suggest that light is made of particles? That colors are really an illusion of the brain? Or that light can burn through steel. This video lesson will shed a lot of light on this most fascinating subject. [color, 20 minutes] $39.95 TT0027
HEAT
What exactly is temperature? What is heat and what do they have to do with each other? Are they the same thing? In this video lesson students explore the nature of heat as a form of energy. They will understand the definition of heat as it relates to the kinetic theory of matter. They see that some objects characteristically heat up and cool down more quickly than others. This naturally leads into a discussion of specific heat. Students become aware that differential heating and cooling of the earth’s soil and water have a direct impact on our weather and even our world’s inhabitability. The differences in the three modes of heat movement: conduction, convention and radiation are examined in detail. Students will understand how this information is applied in the heating and cooling of our homes as we discuss insulation and air conditioning. We will also discuss the particularly intriguing concept of absolute zero. It is fascinating to realize that there is a limit to how cold you can get a material. Finally, what is the connection between heat and a calorie? 3,500 calories equals a pound of body fat. But what is a calorie? A lot of questions...a lot of answers and a lot to think about in this video lesson. [color, 22 minutes] $39.95 TT0028
MACHINES
A 2,000 pound weight is lifted using only 25 pounds of force. How is such a feat possible? Well, with machines of course, and it might seem that this is an example of getting something for nothing. But students quickly learn in this lesson that a price must be paid for gaining such mechanical advantage. They will see that using machines to make work easier is really a matter of making trade-offs. This video teaches students how to calculate both ideal and actual mechanical advantage and how to figure the efficiency of machines. They will see how simple machines, such as levers, wheels and axles, and pulleys, may be used to produce the desired mechanical advantage. Work and power are defined in terms of mathematics and illustrations of work/power problems are presented. A comprehensive overview of the physics of simple machines. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0029
ELECTRICITY
Electricity...Everybody uses it, but few understand it. This video lesson demystifies the subject, enabling the student to grasp the important principles, while at the same time preserving the awe and wonder of this very fascinating subject. Your pupils will learn the difference between static electricity and moving electrical charges; that electrical charges, whether moving or stationery are made up of electrons. They will understand the meaning of volts, amps, ohms, and watts and how they are interrelated. They will see how electric current may be produced from batteries or from generators. We’ll learn how to use Ohm’s law and electric rates to calculate your power bill. Series and parallel circuits and the functioning of fuses and circuit breakers are discussed.
The intimate link between electricity and magnetism can not be ignored. This connection is made obvious as students see in this lesson that magnetism can produce electricity and electricity can produce magnetism. However, we have covered the subject of magnetism itself in a separate video. The two lessons, Magnetism and Electricity, are therefore complementary to one another but each is complete in its own right. [color, 20 minutes] $39.95 TT0030
MAGNETISM
What small child hasn’t at some time played with a magnet, astonished at its ability to magically attract pieces of metal. Now older, but still curious about this unusual scientific phenomenon, students will find this video lesson answering their most fundamental questions about magnetism. Where does it come from? Why does it work with some metals and not with others? What is the nature of the force? What is its connection to electricity? And more. We’ll explain how scientists have been able to use magnetism in things like video and audio recording, TV picture tubes, audio speakers, electric motors and generators, etc. And what of magnetism’s role in the future? How about super conducting rails to levitate 300 mph trains? This video is a comprehensive look at the phenomenon of magnetism. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0031
THE NATURE OF RADIATION
“You can’t feel it, see it, hear it, smell it or taste it, yet it can kill you in a matter of seconds. It’s all around you and there’s no escape.” Sounds like an advertisement for a horror flick, but these words are the opening lines for our video lesson on radiation. This piques the students’ interest and desire to know more about this very real component of our environment, radiation. The lesson teaches the student about the nature of radiation, where it comes from, and what the real hazards are. We learn that Mother Nature as well as man himself contribute to each person’s radiation dose. The differences in the four types of radiation are discussed. Students will learn how scientists make use of radioactive carbon to determine the age of fossils. An excellent overview of nuclear radiation. [color, 20 minutes] $39.95 TT0032
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Nuclear reactions vs chemical. Fission vs fusion. This video lesson teaches the student the differences. Students will learn that nuclear reactions not only produce radiation but that they bring about fundamental changes in matter--transmutation. They’ll see just how these nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions, and then they’ll put this knowledge to work in learning to solve and balance nuclear equations. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0033
COMPUTER & ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGIES
The computer, laser disc, VCR, and fax are just a few of the electronic inventions that have changed our lives in only the last 30 years. This video lesson takes a historic look at the development of this field of science, beginning with the vacuum tube and progressing all the way to the solid-state devices used in today’s equipment. Students will learn the basics of rectification, amplification, capacitance, and something about the computer chip. An extremely complex subject explained in terms understandable to most everyone. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0034
NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF MOTION
This video lesson will give the student a clear understanding of Newton’s three laws of motion. They will see that acceleration and deceleration forces are in reality a manifestation of the First Law. They will understand the connection between the Second Law and weight in a gravitational field. Finally, they’ll see that the Third Law applies not only to rockets and airplanes but to everyday events. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0035
MOVING BODIES
(Force, Gravity, Velocity And Vectors)
What causes an object to move? One might intuitively answer, the application of force. But more specifically it is the application of an unbalanced force. This video lesson re-emphasizes that objects always move in accordance with the laws of motion. It explains what velocity is in terms of vector diagrams and gives students experience in solving practical vector diagrams and acceleration problems. [color, 22 minutes] $39.95 TT0036
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
This video lesson looks at the quantum theory from a non-mathematical stance. Students will learn what the four quantum numbers mean, that they are actually a means of describing the orbitals. They will appreciate how this information was derived from studies done with spectroscopy and they should gain an understanding of the way the electrons are sub-divided into sub-levels and orbitals. This video will illuminate the mysteries surrounding this very abstract subject, giving the student a firm handle on this most esoteric branch of science. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0052
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION 1-7
This video lesson introduces the student to the various written formats used to denote the distribution of electrons about the nucleus. For example the electron configuration for boron is 1s2 2s2 2p1. Also covered are orbital notation and electron dot notation. Students should see that these methods are in actuality diverse ways of communicating the same information, placement of electrons around the nucleus. They should also gain an understanding of why the transition and rare earth elements are separated on the periodic table from the others. What do these transition elements have in common and what could explain their properties. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0053
SOLIDS
Did you know one solid will diffuse into another? That some solids become gases without melting? That the shapes of crystals are in a sense just enlargements of the basic molecule? We will take a look at these and other properties of solids as well as find out what happens during a change of state. What are the six classes of crystals? What is the nature of the binding forces that holds them together? We’ll see that many of the explanations for characteristics of solids are to be found in the Kinetic Theory of matter. These are some of the topics we cover in this fascinating video lesson on solids. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0057
LIQUIDS AND WATER
In this video lesson students will discover how liquids become gases, and how gases become liquids. Does evaporation really stop when the levels of a liquid cease to drop in the container? Does condensation stop too? What is really going on at the molecular level during evaporation and condensation? What role does energy play in this process? Such questions are a natural lead-in to the principle of Le Chatelier and the concept of equilibrium; discover how bonding between the molecules can explain how water is a liquid at room temperature but hydrogen is a gas. How is the Kinetic Theory of matter useful in explaining the behavior of liquids and how does pressure affect boiling points; how does diffusion occur? These and many more questions are answered in this lesson on liquids. [color, 21 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0058
GASES AND GAS LAWS
Bigger does not necessarily equate with more, nor does smaller always mean less. Especially is this true in the case of gases. This video lesson graphically illustrates how higher pressure can decrease volume of a gas, while higher temperature can increase the volume. Inevitably this leads to a discussion on relationships as described in Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law. Students will see that one is a direct proportionality while the other is an inverse one. The logic of the Kinetic Theory of matter is used to explain the behavior of gases under varying conditions. Using straight forward explanations and illustrations, this video removes the mystery and confusion from this area of science. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0059
HYDRAULICS--PASCAL’S LAWS
Hydraulis...It’s a Greek word which gave rise to the word hydraulics. Originally hydraulis meant water pipe and eventually the science of hydraulis encompassed the study of water in motion. But now the word is used more broadly. Hydraulics now refers to the mechanics of any fluid whether at rest or in motion. As this video stresses, hydraulics are an important part of our daily lives. The braking system on cars or the common car jack are perhaps the most obvious examples. But industry abounds with hydraulic power devises, too. There are fork lifts, milling machines, drill presses, printing presses, hoists, grinders, lathes and so on. And even the control surfaces of aircraft, like the flaps, ailerons, rudder as well as the landing gear itself are all operated by hydraulics. Students will learn how to work simple mechanical advantage problems, seeing how distance is traded for multiplied force. They will come to see the hydraulic system as a form of the simple lever, even though fluids transmit the forces. An excellent overview that will provide a solid foundation for understanding of this very important scientific application. [color, 19 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0068
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