INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
One of our primary objectives in this first installment to the series on general science, is to present science as an activity to be enjoyed and pursued, not feared and avoided. This lesson, and in fact the whole series, is written to revive the students' natural curiosity about the world and the universe. This lesson introduces the students to the steps of the scientific method and illustrates its application with a simulated approach of the scientific method. As the video takes a backward look into the history of science the students learn how the nature of science has changed through the centuries, from folklore and superstition to objective reasoning and investigation. The importance of names like Aristotle, Newton, Einstein and so on are discussed and the contribution of writing as a way of storing information for future generations is noted. In listing the divisions and subdivisions of science, it is pointed out that they all overlap and are in reality one story. Finally, this lesson imparts the idea that science is ever changing, evolving as new knowledge becomes available. [color, 18 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0001

THE METRIC SYSTEM
Designed to eradicate “metric-phobia,” this video lesson makes using the metric system seem very logical. By relating it to our monetary system, students readily see the similarity between the two. The basic units for length, weight, and volume are introduced first and are followed by illustrated discussions of the decimal and exponential values for the common prefixes, i.e. centi = 0.01 or ten raised to the negative two power; kilo = 1,000 or 10 to the third power. Several conversion problems are worked in a step-by-step fashion to enable the students to understand the logic of the operations. Some time is also devoted to finding the area and volume of objects using metrics. The English equivalents are deliberately avoided to facilitate the students' ability to think metric. Still, students are shown the absolute values for the basic units. Acceptance of and competence in metrics are the objectives of this video. [color, 18 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0002

THE SOLAR SYSTEM
What is our cosmic address? We learn that our home planet is but one in a group of other planets in the solar system orbiting the sun; that our solar system is only one of perhaps a hundred billion star systems that make up our own Milky Way galaxy; and that in the entire universe there are hundreds of billions of galaxies. The lesson begins with a view an imaginary observer might get from a million or so light years away. We can see the sun’s position within one of the spiral arms of the galaxy, nestled between neighboring stars. As we move in closer, we begin to see details of the planets and their natural satellites. For this position, NASA footage of the Voyager flybys is used extensively, revealing incredible detail and the stunning color of many of the planets. While the captivating imagery holds the students spellbound, the narration teaches them many important facts about each planet. Also covered are other members of the solar system; comets, asteroids, and meteors. Some history is included too, giving the students some idea of the contributions of people like Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. [color, 23 minutes] $39.95 TT0003

THE MOON
The moon is Earth’s nearest celestial neighbor. Using NASA footage from the Apollo Missions, students will witness astronauts working and playing on the moon, while the narration teaches them about the moon’s lack of atmosphere, its one-sixth G, its mountains and craters and its geology. They will grasp the profound significance of this historical human achievement. This video lesson will help the students appreciate the size of the moon and its distance from the Earth in comparison to the sun and the other stars. They will gain an understanding of how the moon’s phases come about and what occurs during a lunar eclipse. They’ll find out that on the Earth, the moon does more than inspire writers of romantic ballads. It exerts a very tangible effect on our oceans, producing tides at regular intervals. They should come away thinking of the moon as a creation of beauty and as another world of fascination. [color, 18 minutes] $39.95 TT0004

SUN AND STARS
Students find it mind-boggling that the stars are so enormous; that to look into the night sky is to look back into time. But what about these distances: eight light minutes to the sun, but four and one third light years to the nearest star? Galaxies? The closest to Earth is over 2 million light years. Students learn how these distances are measured and how scientists are able to determine a star’s make-up. What happens when a star runs out of fuel? How big is the universe? What are black holes? Students realize quickly that science does not have all the solutions yet. [color, 24 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0005

SPACE SCIENCE
Space is a hostile place for human beings to travel, yet yearn to travel in it they do. This video lesson takes a look at the problems that recent space travelers have had to overcome as well as what problems future space travelers might encounter. The video explains how Newton’s Laws of Motion are employed in rocketry. This and much more is discussed: thrust, orbits, rockets, rocket fuels present and future. The program stimulates independent thinking as we contemplate if it is really practical to live on alien worlds. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0006

THE CELL
Take a journey to the interior of a cell and learn what the various organelles must do to maintain the condition we call “living.” Also included in this lesson is an easy-to-understand portrayal of the cell membrane as the cell’s all-important gate keeper. The membrane’s bi-lipid structure is discussed in terms that pre-chemistry students will comprehend. Mechanisms of diffusion, active transport and osmosis are discussed, as they relate to the structure as semi-permeable. The students should acquire from this lesson the concept that in a multi-cellular organism, cells are interdependent, that each must perform its specific task if the organism as a whole is to survive. [color, 22 minutes] $39.95 TT0007

MUSCLES AND SKELETON
Most people understand how a car converts fuel into energy for movement. But how does a muscle do it? Furthermore, what is a muscle made of? That and much more is the subject of this video lesson. By studying the microscopic structures of a muscle fibril, students will come to understand some of how the energy of fuel is used to cause the muscle to contract. We’ll see that a contraction begins with a nerve impulse. Simple animated drawings show clearly what is meant by the “sliding filament theory.” It’s a fascinating story as yet only partially understood even by experts. The three types of muscles will be differentiated according to their structure, appearance and function. We will see how muscles are attached to the bones and discover the composition of the bony material itself. Is it living? If so, how does oxygen and food get to its interior? What is a Haversian Canal? This lesson explains all this. Joints? We’ll investigate the features of several types and explain how they allow movement in varying planes and directions. When the joints become inflamed arthritis is the result. The students should acquire an appreciation for functional design of the human musculo-skeletal system. [color, 18 minutes] $39.95 TT0008

CIRCULATOY SYSTEM
The heart, blood and vessels. That is what comes to mind most often when one thinks of the circulatory system. But as students learn in this video, there is much more. This lesson teaches students the anatomy and functional purpose of the portal, pulmonary, renal, systemic, and coronary circulatory systems. They also learn the meaning of systole and diastole and what actually produces the heart sounds. We begin with showing how blood is forced by the left ventricular contraction through the valves into the aorta and out through systemic circulation. After completing this circuit, we trace the blood as it enters the right atrium via the vena cava. With the contraction of the right ventricle, we watch as blood is forced into the lungs and then returned to the left atrium. Dramatic footage of an actual heart catheterization allows students to see the flow of blood in the heart. [color, 30 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0009

BLOOD AND LYMPH
Blood, living liquid tissue. First, we examine the blood’s composition, taking note of the various proteins and salts in the plasma. Then the lesson moves on to discuss the cells. The students will see microphotographs of red blood cells while they learn the function of the red blood cells, white cells and platelets. Incredibly there are about 5 million red blood cells in one cubic mm of blood and every second about three million die and are replaced. A major portion of this video lesson is devoted to a discussion of blood types and the Rh factor. They will appreciate why type O is the universal donor and AB the universal recipient. Also covered are a variety of blood related diseases such as leukemia, anemia, clots, hemophilia and sickle cell. Emphasis is placed on the many life-sustaining functions performed by the blood, such as oxygen, hormone and food distribution, temperature regulation, defending the body from diseases, and so on. What about lymph? Like blood plasma minus the proteins. Not a part of the circulatory system as such, but none the less it is very important in helping transport substances between blood and cells. [color, 18 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0010

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Most living organisms require oxygen in order to extract energy from their food. This video begins by illustrating how easy respiration is for single-celled organisms like the amoeba. They simply absorb dissolved oxygen from their liquid environment. But for multicellular creatures, a specialized system, capable of acquiring oxygen from the atmosphere, has had to develop. Our lesson traces the flow of air as it enters the nostrils and continues down through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and finally the lungs. Students will gain an understanding of how the respiratory center in the brain works with various sensing organs to control breathing. The students may be amazed to learn how vast the surface area of the alveoli of the lungs really is, and how vital this area is to aerating the blood with oxygen. We will talk about the mechanics of breathing, how the contraction of muscles creates a low pressure area in the chest cavity, which causes air to rush into the lungs. Finally we’ll discuss various lung diseases like asthma, emphysema and TB. [color, 24 minutes] $39.95 TT0011

EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The kidneys do more than just produce urine. This video lesson stresses the fact that the kidneys also regulate the body’s salt and fluid levels. This program makes clear to the students just how the kidneys do their job. After becoming familiar with the anatomy of the excretory system by viewing stunning graphics, the video traces the flow of waste-bearing blood into the glomerulus, where it is filtered by capillaries in the Bowman’s Capsule. Students will see that most of the liquid first removed, is returned to the blood in the tubules. In fact it is astonishing to note that without re-absorption, a person could urinate himself to death in about 30 minutes. The role of the endocrine system in controlling urine output is discussed as well as the function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis or salt/water constancy. From the kidneys the students see the urine going via the ureter to the bladder and then to the outside through the urethra. A few kidney disorders are also covered such as nephritis, kidney stones and diabetes. [color, 18 1/2minutes] $39.95 TT0012

SENSE ORGANS
The senses. Everything we know about our world comes to us by way of the eyes, ears, nose, taste or skin. In this video, we will explore the anatomy and the functioning of all five senses. The students will learn how the lens and cornea refract light waves to focus clear images on the retina. Then, they’ll see what happens when this image is improperly focused, and what types of lenses are used to correct these vision defects. The ears. How do they convert mechanical vibrations into impulses perceived by the brain as sound? How do loud sounds damage the ear? These are a few of the topics covered in this section of the senses video. Smelling and tasting are closely related. What’s involved in detecting an odor or tasting food? Did you know that if you bite into an apple and an onion you can’t tell them apart if the nose is pinched shut? Feeling the sense of touch. There are four basic kinds of receptors scattered throughout the skin. We’ll see how they work to bring us pleasure and keep us from harm. This video serves as an educational overview of our senses, the windows to our world. [color, 24 minutes] $39.95 TT0014

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Rapid heartbeat, quickened breathing and perspiration are caused by the body’s reaction to a stimulus. It is pointed out that these responses are brought about by the nervous system, whose function it is to provide the control of the body by communication. This communication takes the form of nerve impulses transmitted from one neuron to the next. From this point the video leads into a discussion of the anatomy of neurons, with their dendrites and axons and synapses. The exact nature of a nerve impulse, as a “wave of depolarization” is discussed. What occurs at the gap between the cells? The video teaches the students that an impulse crossing the synapse is mediated by chemicals called neuro-transmitters and that some drugs work by interfering with this transmission. We then take a look at the nervous system on the macroscopic level, covering the structure of the brain, the divisions of the peripheral system into autonomic and voluntary and the division of the autonomic into sympathetic and para-sympathetic. The nature of the reflex arc and the input from the five senses are examined as well. It is emphasized that the nervous and endocrine systems are similar in the manner in which they control bodily responses. [color, 25 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0013

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
This video lesson will give the students a thorough and comprehensive overview of the endocrine system. Portrayed as a method of bodily control through the secretion of hormones by ductless glands, this video covers the anatomy, location and function of each major gland. Students will understand what a hormone really is and the effect each hormone is normally expected to have on its target tissue. This video exposes students to the “feed-back” mechanism employed by most glands to regulate hormonal output. They will also learn what symptoms might result when a gland is either over or under active. Hormone deficiency disorders such as diabetes, hypo- and hyper- thyroidism are given much attention. The point is also made that there is a close relationship and similarity between the functioning of the nervous and the endocrine system. [color, 23 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0015

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
This video lesson first introduces the students to a single-celled amoeba. Because this organism lives in a nutrient-rich watery environment, it has no need for a digestive system. It simply absorbs food through its membrane. By contrast, most all of the cells of higher animals are not in direct contact with their food supply, but are “buried” deep within the tissues. Using this set-up as a premise, the video causes the students to realize that in order for their cells to receive essential food supplies, some mechanism of digestion and transport is necessary. Hamburgers and pizza have to undergo major changes, if the nutrients in them are to be absorbed into and used by the cells. Our lesson describes the entire digestive process beginning in the mouth and ending at the anus. As food moves through the system students will understand how food particles are physically broken into smaller and smaller pieces while being chemically attacked by enzymes. The peristaltic action of the esophagus in swallowing is examined. Passing through the cardiac sphincter, the food enters the stomach, where it is churned into chyme. Finally on to the small intestine for the last stages of digestion and absorption into the blood stream. The role of the large intestine is stressed as the organ of elimination and of water regulation. Careful attention is paid throughout the lesson to the anatomy of the alimentary canal, and the importance of the major hormonal and enzyme secretions of the glands of digestion. Students will understand how the villi increase the surface area of the intestine and how important this is to absorption of food into the blood. [color, 18 minutes] $39.95 TT0016

NUTRITION
“You are what you eat.” This video stresses the importance of a balanced diet for maintaining good health. The role of the six basic nutrients are examined and described in terms of their basic chemical make-up, presence in certain foods and their physiology in the body. Some of the major deficiency diseases are discussed, too. A few examples include: low iodine intake leading to possible goiters and hypothyroidism; lack of vitamin C leading to scurvy; and low iron intake, resulting in anemia. This video introduces the concept of the energy/calorie relationship, and ends by discussing the new food pyramid as a guide for the students in developing healthy eating habits. [color, 18 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0017

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
This video lesson tastefully teaches students the anatomy of the human male and female reproductive systems, and then leads into a discussion on how each sex produces its own gametes. Students see where the sperm are produced, which glands secrete the seminal fluids, and the ducts through which this fluid is transported to the outside. In the female, they learn how the ovaries produce eggs, and will come to understand the critical role of hormones in the menstrual cycle. Next covered is the union of the two, resulting in a zygote. Some genetics is introduced so that the students become aware of DNA as the hereditary material and are able to diagram simple crosses, showing the genotype of parents and offspring. The video also briefly discusses a few genetic diseases such as Down’s Syndrome and hemophilia. We have avoided discussing the controversial topics related to contraception and abortion. [color, 26 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0018

ATOMS
How many would agree to buy a trillion gold atoms for five dollars? This video lesson begins by asking students this question. They are first surprised to learn that one trillion is such a large number (32,000 years worth of seconds). They are shocked again to learn that even this incomprehensible number of atoms would still be invisible. The inescapable conclusion is that the atom is unbelievably small. Even so, we have been able to learn much about it. With their curiosity thus piqued, the video launches into basic atomic structure, i.e. atomic number, atomic weight, protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, etc. They learn the significance of elements and how they differ from compounds and mixtures. Physical and chemical changes are on the agenda too. This video lesson establishes a solid foundation for later lessons dealing with concepts in chemistry. [color, 20 minutes] $39.95 TT0019

THE PERIODIC TABLE, FORMULAS & EQUATIONS
That periodic table hanging in most science classrooms holds a wealth of information about the elements. Unfortunately, many students never come to appreciate its logical organization and so aren’t able to mine this storehouse of information. This video lesson shows students that there is a connection between the placement or position of the elements on the chart, and their electron configuration. Furthermore, that there is a connection between the atom’s arrangement of electrons and the way in which certain elements react or do not react. For example, elements of column 1 are very reactive because they have a tendency to want to lose that single electron in the outer level. This results in the atom being more stable. Contrast that with the noble gases, which are inert because they already have the stable arrangement of eight electrons in their outer level. The students will understand, that in a chemical change, the outer electrons play a crucial role. Here the differences in ionic and covalent bonding are stressed. After grasping these basics, the students are led into exercises dealing with formula writing and balancing of simple chemical equations. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0020

MATTER
Elementary school science books tell us that matter is anything that has weight and takes up space. But now the story gets a little more involved. This video teaches students that when referring to matter, the term “mass” should be used, not weight. The difference between the two is graphically illustrated. Another surprise for some: Most of the matter in the universe is composed of plasma, not the familiar forms: solid, liquid and gas. Students will realize that whether a material is a liquid, gas or solid, is determined by factors such as temperature, pressure and the inter-molecular attractive forces. These forces of attraction between the molecules are in turn effected by electrical charges on the molecules. Based on this information it becomes apparent why oxygen, for example, is a gas at any temperature above -183 degrees C, while iron is a gas only at temperatures above 3000 degrees C. The concept of density is also discussed along with Archimedes Principle and his humorous “Eureka” story. Students see how this principle is used to explain how a hot air balloon rises, or how a lead block can float in a pool of mercury. [color, 20 minutes] $39.95 TT0021

ENERGY
Love may “make the world go ‘round,” but it’s energy that keeps the universe humming. In this video lesson, students learn that energy transfer always accompanies a chemical, physical or nuclear change. Emphasis is placed on the differences in the nature of these changes. We note by experiment, that sometimes energy is absorbed, sometimes it is released. The concept of kinetic versus potential energy is explored. Particularly impressive is the heating of ice water without a rise in the temperature. Students see firsthand in this case that the heat energy is stored in the water molecules as the ice melts. They may be equally amazed to learn that the same amount of heat is given back whenever the water freezes again. Reminding the students of how easily their rooms become disarrayed introduces them to the idea of entropy. Another critical concept is the notion that all systems in nature tend to seek the lowest energy level, or run down hill. [color, 20 1/2 minutes] $39.95 TT0022

ACIDS, BASES, SALTS AND SOLUTIONS
Why does salt dissolve in water but not in gasoline? Why does water bead-up on a waxed surface? What really happens to cause bubbles to form when we open a bottle of pop? These questions and many more are answered in this video lesson as we investigate the nature of solutions in general...acids, bases and salts in particular. We begin by comparing acids to bases and explaining the concept of pH and illustrating color change reactions with various indicators. Common household examples of acids and bases are given. Next, salts are introduced as products of acid-base neutralization reactions. At this point, balancing equations are introduced and students are given an opportunity to perfect their skills in this area. Does temperature have any effect on how much solute can be dissolved in a solvent? The old “like dissolves like” adage is explained by pointing out that polar dissolves polar and non-polar dissolves non-polar substances. Examples of various combinations of solutions are discussed as well as mixtures which cannot be classified as solutions. These would include suspensions and colloids. This video presents the theoretical aspect alongside the practical everyday examples. [color, 18 minutes] $39.95 TT0023

CHEMISTRY
Chemistry, the science that concentrates on how matter interacts. This lesson explains what really happens when elements unite to form compounds. We see that there is a relationship between the element’s position on the periodic table and its chemical characteristics. Furthermore, there is a relationship between the number of valence electrons and the chemical properties of an element. Why will some atoms combine while others won’t? The student will understand how the number of electrons in the outer level of an atom can determine the formula of a compound when they combine. When electrons are transferred ions are formed leading to the creation of an ionic bond. Considerable time will be devoted to determining formulas of compounds and the balancing of chemical equations. This video presents the often frustrating, baffling task of equation-balancing in a logical common sense manner. Students will learn about single displacement, synthesis, and double displacement reactions as they practice writing the equations with the instructor. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0024

APPLIED CHEMISTRY
“Better living through chemistry.” In presenting real world applications of chemistry, this video lesson illustrates several examples of how this abstract science has impacted everyone’s life. Students should come to realize that most of the materials and inventions they use daily and perhaps take for granted would not exist were it not for the application of chemical principles. Plastics, water purification and softening, detergents, synthetic rubber, petroleum fractionation are a few of the topics covered in detail. Why does rubber stretch? A cake rise? These are a few of the questions that chemistry can answer. Students will find the anecdotal story of Goodyear’s accidental discovery of rubber vulcanization entertaining as well as informative. The lesson concludes by looking into the future. If chemistry has changed our lives so drastically in the past 100 years, what will the next 100 bring? An entertaining, educational and provocative video lesson. [color, 19 minutes] $39.95 TT0025

WAVES & SOUND
Lightning flashes, but it’s several seconds before you hear the thunder. The sound of a dog whistle excites your pet, but you can’t even hear it. These are a few of the curiosities explored in this video lesson on sound and waves. Students will learn all about wave motion, including the relationship between wavelength, frequency and speed. They will calculate the frequency of a wave, given its speed and wavelength. Standing waves and resonance, pitch and the Doppler effect are all covered. A sound wave is dissected and students see how rarefaction and compression cycles of a sound wave are propagated through matter. The relationships between pitch, frequency, amplitude and loudness are explored. Students will learn what a decibel is and how the numbers relate to sound intensity. Finally, this video provides an excellent foundation for the lesson on light. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0026

LIGHT
Light. A form of energy that makes vision possible. Our sense of sight, so precious to all, allows us to perceive the world around us, appreciate its beauty, and to understand its wonders. But what is the nature of this energy form? What are some of its properties? How is it produced? How does it behave? What does light have to do with a laser? How do glasses and mirrors bend and reflect light? How can we explain color? These are just a few of the topics we cover in this lesson. We’ll tell you some facts that may surprise you too. For instance, did you know that we are blind to most of the wave energies surrounding us? Did you know there is evidence to suggest that light is made of particles? That colors are really an illusion of the brain? Or that light can burn through steel. This video lesson will shed a lot of light on this most fascinating subject. [color, 20 minutes] $39.95 TT0027

HEAT
What exactly is temperature? What is heat and what do they have to do with each other? Are they the same thing? In this video lesson students explore the nature of heat as a form of energy. They will understand the definition of heat as it relates to the kinetic theory of matter. They see that some objects characteristically heat up and cool down more quickly than others. This naturally leads into a discussion of specific heat. Students become aware that differential heating and cooling of the earth’s soil and water have a direct impact on our weather and even our world’s inhabitability. The differences in the three modes of heat movement: conduction, convention and radiation are examined in detail. Students will understand how this information is applied in the heating and cooling of our homes as we discuss insulation and air conditioning. We will also discuss the particularly intriguing concept of absolute zero. It is fascinating to realize that there is a limit to how cold you can get a material. Finally, what is the connection between heat and a calorie? 3,500 calories equals a pound of body fat. But what is a calorie? A lot of questions...a lot of answers and a lot to think about in this video lesson. [color, 22 minutes] $39.95 TT0028

MACHINES
A 2,000 pound weight is lifted using only 25 pounds of force. How is such a feat possible? Well, with machines of course, and it might seem that this is an example of getting something for nothing. But students quickly learn in this lesson that a price must be paid for gaining such mechanical advantage. They will see that using machines to make work easier is really a matter of making trade-offs. This video teaches students how to calculate both ideal and actual mechanical advantage and how to figure the efficiency of machines. They will see how simple machines, such as levers, wheels and axles, and pulleys, may be used to produce the desired mechanical advantage. Work and power are defined in terms of mathematics and illustrations of work/power problems are presented. A comprehensive overview of the physics of simple machines. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0029

ELECTRICITY
Electricity...Everybody uses it, but few understand it. This video lesson demystifies the subject, enabling the student to grasp the important principles, while at the same time preserving the awe and wonder of this very fascinating subject. Your pupils will learn the difference between static electricity and moving electrical charges; that electrical charges, whether moving or stationery are made up of electrons. They will understand the meaning of volts, amps, ohms, and watts and how they are interrelated. They will see how electric current may be produced from batteries or from generators. We’ll learn how to use Ohm’s law and electric rates to calculate your power bill. Series and parallel circuits and the functioning of fuses and circuit breakers are discussed. The intimate link between electricity and magnetism can not be ignored. This connection is made obvious as students see in this lesson that magnetism can produce electricity and electricity can produce magnetism. However, we have covered the subject of magnetism itself in a separate video. The two lessons, Magnetism and Electricity, are therefore complementary to one another but each is complete in its own right. [color, 20 minutes] $39.95 TT0030

MAGNETISM
What small child hasn’t at some time played with a magnet, astonished at its ability to magically attract pieces of metal. Now older, but still curious about this unusual scientific phenomenon, students will find this video lesson answering their most fundamental questions about magnetism. Where does it come from? Why does it work with some metals and not with others? What is the nature of the force? What is its connection to electricity? And more. We’ll explain how scientists have been able to use magnetism in things like video and audio recording, TV picture tubes, audio speakers, electric motors and generators, etc. And what of magnetism’s role in the future? How about super conducting rails to levitate 300 mph trains? This video is a comprehensive look at the phenomenon of magnetism. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0031

THE NATURE OF RADIATION
“You can’t feel it, see it, hear it, smell it or taste it, yet it can kill you in a matter of seconds. It’s all around you and there’s no escape.” Sounds like an advertisement for a horror flick, but these words are the opening lines for our video lesson on radiation. This piques the students’ interest and desire to know more about this very real component of our environment, radiation. The lesson teaches the student about the nature of radiation, where it comes from, and what the real hazards are. We learn that Mother Nature as well as man himself contribute to each person’s radiation dose. The differences in the four types of radiation are discussed. Students will learn how scientists make use of radioactive carbon to determine the age of fossils. An excellent overview of nuclear radiation. [color, 20 minutes] $39.95 TT0032

NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Nuclear reactions vs chemical. Fission vs fusion. This video lesson teaches the student the differences. Students will learn that nuclear reactions not only produce radiation but that they bring about fundamental changes in matter--transmutation. They’ll see just how these nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions, and then they’ll put this knowledge to work in learning to solve and balance nuclear equations. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0033

COMPUTER & ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGIES
The computer, laser disc, VCR, and fax are just a few of the electronic inventions that have changed our lives in only the last 30 years. This video lesson takes a historic look at the development of this field of science, beginning with the vacuum tube and progressing all the way to the solid-state devices used in today’s equipment. Students will learn the basics of rectification, amplification, capacitance, and something about the computer chip. An extremely complex subject explained in terms understandable to most everyone. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0034

NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF MOTION
This video lesson will give the student a clear understanding of Newton’s three laws of motion. They will see that acceleration and deceleration forces are in reality a manifestation of the First Law. They will understand the connection between the Second Law and weight in a gravitational field. Finally, they’ll see that the Third Law applies not only to rockets and airplanes but to everyday events. [color, 21 minutes] $39.95 TT0035

MOVING BODIES (Force, Gravity, Velocity And Vectors)
What causes an object to move? One might intuitively answer, the application of force. But more specifically it is the application of an unbalanced force. This video lesson re-emphasizes that objects always move in accordance with the laws of motion. It explains what velocity is in terms of vector diagrams and gives students experience in solving practical vector diagrams and acceleration problems. [color, 22 minutes] $39.95 TT0036

DRUGS
What exactly is a drug? How does it enter the body and make its way to the target tissues? What causes side effects? Why do some substances remain in the system longer than others? What are some of the broad categories of drugs used in medicine, and how do they bring about their therapeutic benefits? These are but a few of the general topics addressed in this video lesson on drugs. Included also is a summary of the major “street drugs” plaguing today’s society. The physiologic and psychologic effects of these addictive substances are discussed in some detail. An excellent overview of basic pharmacology and a capsulization of illegal substances. [color, 20 minutes] $39.95 TT0037

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Food is the body’s fuel...its source of energy. But how can the cells of our body burn food to obtain the energy vital to sustaining life? How is it that food is combusted inside our cells at a comfortable 100 degrees? This video lesson shows the student how through a series of enzymatically controlled steps this feat is accomplished. We follow a glucose molecule as it is degraded first in glycolysis, then in the Kreb’s cycle. We see where the carbon dioxide comes from and finally watch, as the hydrogens removed from the glucose are fed down the electron transport system to unite with oxygen forming water, while trapping the energy in ATP. A complex subject made comprehensible. [color, 21 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0038

DNA--PROTRIN SYNTHESIS
The code of life, DNA. What is this miraculous chemical found in all living organisms on this planet? How is it constructed? Can we decipher its code? What does the message say? Why is this information contained in the DNA so critical to survival? These are a few of the questions answered in this video lesson on DNA and protein synthesis. Students will learn about replication, transcription, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomal RNA, and a lot more. [color, 22 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0039

INTRODUCTION TO CLASSIFICATION
With over two million different forms of life on this planet, studying each on an individual basis would be virtually an impossible task. With the need for a system of biological classification clearly established, this video lesson then proceeds to give the student a basic understanding of the biological system of classification beginning with kingdoms and ending with species. The deficiencies of a two-kingdom system is also addressed and brief descriptions of each of the five kingdoms are presented. This video lesson is an essential introduction to more detailed discussions on biological organization. [color, 22 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0040

KINGDOM MONERA/PROKARYOTAE
What if it’s alive but is neither plant nor animal? What sort of living being fits that description? Well, bacteria are one example. This video lesson discusses these primitive life forms and explains why they have to be placed in a separate kingdom. Students will learn about the shape, structure and organization of these microscopic living entities. How are they man’s benefactor and his curse and how are they now serving man’s needs? [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0041

KINGDOM PROTISTA
This video lesson examines the characteristics of algae (both primitive and complex), amoeba, euglena, the exotic diatoms, paramecia, sporozoans, and other members of this kingdom. An excellent overview of the microscopic world of kingdom protista. [color, 19 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0042

KINGDOM PLANTAE AND KINGDOM FUNGI
What special adaptations did algae have to make in transitioning from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment? These questions and many more are answered in this video lesson as we survey the plant kingdom, examining the mosses, ferns and finally the conifers and seed plants. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0043

KINGDOM ANIMALIA: SPONGES THROUGH WORMS
This video lesson will take the student on a survey of the animal kingdom from the simple sponges to the complex earthworm. Discover first what characteristics all animals have in common. Then see how, step-by-step, the organisms evolved into creatures with true organs and tissues. A sponge has no heart or brain, but an earthworm has primitive versions of each. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0044

KINGDOM ANIMALIA: MOLLUSKS THROUGH MAN
This video lessons surveys the animal kingdom starting with mollusca, and progressing to arthropoda, with its myriad varieties of insects, crustaceans, arachnids, millipedes and centipedes; on to the star fish phylum of echinodermata, to hemichordate and finally on to the chordates, with its all important sub-phylum vertebrata. Representative members of each group are discussed in an effort to make obvious the reasons for its placement in a particular sub-set. Particular emphasis is placed on vertebrata and its various classes and orders. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0045

KINGDOM ANIMALIA: VERTEBRATA
Vertebrates...animals with a backbone, make up only 5% of the animal population, yet perhaps are the most diverse and certainly among the most intelligent creatures on the planet. This video lesson surveys members of this sub-phylum of chordata, from the jawless fishes to human beings. Students will gain an under-standing of what adaptations were necessary in order to make the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial existence. Distinguishing characteristics of each class of vertebrata are discussed and examples of the major orders of our own class, mammalia, are listed. [color, 21 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0046

PLANT REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
This video lesson focuses on the higher seed plants. Students will learn the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms and between monocots and dicots. Particular attention is paid to the anatomy of these seed plants and their method of reproduction. Students will learn about the pistil and stamen. Many illustrations are used to show the structures and development of these more complex seed plants. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0048

ECOLOGY: MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT
What are we doing to our world? Are we destroying the only home we have? This video lesson looks at several areas where man’s activities have adversely impacted the environment: The annihilation of species, through poaching, the destruction of the rain forests and pollution of air and water. Pollution of the air and deforestation in turn affect the climate and integrity of the ozone layer. It becomes apparent how these activities are inter-related, how they influence each other. Finally, the lesson discusses some practical measures students may take to help protect our environment. An excellent overview of today’s and tomorrow’s ecological dilemmas, this video should serve well as an entry into discussions that will further raise the consciousness level of students on this important subject. [color, 19 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0049

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
This video lesson looks at the quantum theory from a non-mathematical stance. Students will learn what the four quantum numbers mean, that they are actually a means of describing the orbitals. They will appreciate how this information was derived from studies done with spectroscopy and they should gain an understanding of the way the electrons are sub-divided into sub-levels and orbitals. This video will illuminate the mysteries surrounding this very abstract subject, giving the student a firm handle on this most esoteric branch of science. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0052

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
This video lesson introduces students to the chemical and physical differences between organic and inorganic compounds; the structure and meaning of several homologous series of hydrocarbons; the concept of isomerism; what is meant by saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and more. This introduction to organic chemistry is an excellent entry into this branch of science. Mastering its content should prepare the student for more advanced studies in what for some is a rather bewildering and formidable field of physical science. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0050

SOLIDS
Did you know one solid will diffuse into another? That some solids become gases without melting? That the shapes of crystals are in a sense just enlargements of the basic molecule? We will take a look at these and other properties of solids as well as find out what happens during a change of state. What are the six classes of crystals? What is the nature of the binding forces that holds them together? We’ll see that many of the explanations for characteristics of solids are to be found in the Kinetic Theory of matter. These are some of the topics we cover in this fascinating video lesson on solids. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0057

LIQUIDS AND WATER
In this video lesson students will discover how liquids become gases, and how gases become liquids. Does evaporation really stop when the levels of a liquid cease to drop in the container? Does condensation stop too? What is really going on at the molecular level during evaporation and condensation? What role does energy play in this process? Such questions are a natural lead-in to the principle of Le Chatelier and the concept of equilibrium; discover how bonding between the molecules can explain how water is a liquid at room temperature but hydrogen is a gas. How is the Kinetic Theory of matter useful in explaining the behavior of liquids and how does pressure affect boiling points; how does diffusion occur? These and many more questions are answered in this lesson on liquids. [color, 21 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0058

GASES AND GAS LAWS
Bigger does not necessarily equate with more, nor does smaller always mean less. Especially is this true in the case of gases. This video lesson graphically illustrates how higher pressure can decrease volume of a gas, while higher temperature can increase the volume. Inevitably this leads to a discussion on relationships as described in Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law. Students will see that one is a direct proportionality while the other is an inverse one. The logic of the Kinetic Theory of matter is used to explain the behavior of gases under varying conditions. Using straight forward explanations and illustrations, this video removes the mystery and confusion from this area of science. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0059

ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION - WEATHER
This first lesson on weather introduces the student to the atmosphere. They learn about its compositional make-up, the features of its four layers, including the manner in which the temperature, within each level, varies with altitude. This video stresses the importance of uneven solar heating as a critical force, which drives the planet’s great “weather machine”. Students will see first hand, by demonstration, what causes this unequal heating distribution. Among the factors: variations in the specific heats of water and soil, the rotation and the tilt of the earth, etc. While this lesson establishes a good basic foundation for further studies in meteorology, it contains much stand alone information within the discipline of physical science as well. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0060

PRESSURE AND WINDS - WEATHER
The weather is influenced by a multitude of factors and this video looks at one of the most important, atmospheric pressure. Students will gain an understanding of what causes air pressure, how it is measured, the units used, how pressure readings are displayed on a map, how air pressure is affected by temperature and atmospheric moisture content, what a changing barometric pressure may mean in a forecast, what causes low and high pressure areas to form and much more. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0061

HUMIDITY AND FRONTS-WEATHER
What roles do water vapor and the movement of air masses play in producing weather? To answer that question, this video lesson first teaches students the meaning and importance of terms like relative humidity, dew point, condensation, and evaporation. They learn how to recognize cloud types. What causes frost and what conditions produce rain or snow? Then, they are introduced to the differences in weather fronts and air masses and the types of weather each is likely to bring. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0062

EARTHQUAKES AND PLATE TECTONICS
Earthquakes--what causes them? How are they measured? What are plate tectonics, and what do they have to do with seismic activity? How do continents collide? What role does the earth’s composition play in the movement of its surface? Is there a connection between earthquakes and volcanoes? These are some of the questions answered in this video lesson. Students will understand how crustal movements have given birth to the great mountain chains of the world and been responsible for the formation of the deep ocean trenches. This video portrays the earth as an ever-changing planet whose future features may be as different from the present ones as the present ones are from the past. [color, 21 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0063

MINERALS
What is the definition of a mineral? Can you distinguish hornblende from pyrite? Do you know the six tests geologists use to identify minerals? Of the 2,000 minerals classified, only forty are abundant enough to be of importance in the forming of the rock in the earth's crust? Which two elements, of the earth's crust, account for 75% of its weight and 94 % of its volume? What mineral is used in electronics? These questions and many more are covered in this overview on common minerals of the earth. [color, 21 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0065

OCEANS
Our earth is called the big blue planet, with good reason. Astronauts have repeatedly observed the earth’s characteristic glowing blue tint, but what is responsible for this phenomena? To answer that question, we only have to consider what feature dominates any picture of the earth. We refer of course to water, the oceans. This video lesson will investigate the seas of the world, their composition, layers, the topography of the ocean bottom and something called the hydrologic cycle, a process in which the ocean plays a very critical role. We’ll find out how salinity is measured. What kinds of life exist in the dark depths far below the surface? How does the ocean affect our weather? What are Guyots, seamounts, abysal plains and much more? [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0064

IGNEOUS METAMORPHIC AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Rocks make up the majority of the earth’s crust, that layer of material which extends from the surface down to levels of up to 200 kilometers. Rocks are so common that most people think they know a rock when they see one. But could your students tell you what rocks are made of? How they got here? How they are classified? Or how they are now changing? Could they tell which of the following are rock and which aren’t--a small crystal, a vein of calcite, a piece of cement, volcanic glass, clay, coal, and asphalt? These are some of the questions answered in this video lesson. Also discussed are the characteristics of the three major rock types: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. Their origins and some common examples of each are discussed. Then we will learn what the rock cycle is and how one type of rock may be transformed into another. This lesson will serve as a comprehensive overview of geology for any earth science course. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0067

HYDRAULICS--PASCAL’S LAWS
Hydraulis...It’s a Greek word which gave rise to the word hydraulics. Originally hydraulis meant water pipe and eventually the science of hydraulis encompassed the study of water in motion. But now the word is used more broadly. Hydraulics now refers to the mechanics of any fluid whether at rest or in motion. As this video stresses, hydraulics are an important part of our daily lives. The braking system on cars or the common car jack are perhaps the most obvious examples. But industry abounds with hydraulic power devises, too. There are fork lifts, milling machines, drill presses, printing presses, hoists, grinders, lathes and so on. And even the control surfaces of aircraft, like the flaps, ailerons, rudder as well as the landing gear itself are all operated by hydraulics. Students will learn how to work simple mechanical advantage problems, seeing how distance is traded for multiplied force. They will come to see the hydraulic system as a form of the simple lever, even though fluids transmit the forces. An excellent overview that will provide a solid foundation for understanding of this very important scientific application. [color, 19 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0068

EARTH--ITS MEASUREMENT, MAPPING AND MOTION
How well are your students acquainted with their home planet? This video lesson introduces them to many basic facts, intriguing curiosities and fascinating figures in the broad field of earth science. They will learn for example how much the earth lacks being a perfect sphere, what causes it to be oblate and what effects this feature produces. They may be surprised to learn that the earth on average is 5.5 times more dense than water or that the sun actually sets in the west only two days out of the year. This lesson looks at the historical record, too, explaining how Eratosthenes first measured the circumference of the earth. Students will be fascinated by the fact that there are places where you can stand with one foot in Monday and the other in Sunday. This video lesson also investigates the planet's motions and how they cause the variations in night and day periods as well as how these motions create the seasons. Then students will discover how the earth has been divided, by lines of latitude and longitude, into imaginary sections for the purposes of navigation and mapping. This lesson serves as an excellent entre to an earth science program or may be used perfectly well as an independent stand-alone module. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0066

THE BODY’S DEFENSE AGAINST MICROBIAL ATTACK
Bacteria, viruses and other pathogens are ubiquitous. They are forever on the offensive. They wage a continuous, unrelenting battle against our health and well-being. To ward off their aggressive onslaught, the body must always be on the defensive. This video lesson details the body’s strategy for dealing with these foreign invaders. It examines the three lines of defense against disease: the physical barrier, which includes the skin and mucous membranes; the nonspecific responses, which include the killer cells, fever and inflammation; and the specific immune system response, which involves the antigen-antibody specific reactions. An excellent overview on the body’s methods of defense against the disease-causing microbes of our world. [color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0069

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
Evolution...What does the word mean? In what context is it used in biology? What evidence is there to suggest that organisms on earth did evolve down through the epochs? These are some of the questions addressed in this video lesson. In recounting the suppporting evidence for this concept, this lesson examines: the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, selective breeding and environmental pressures. Finally, the students see how given the proper mix of precursor chemicals, the elements of life possibly could have formed spontaneously. [Color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0070

THE PROCESS OF EVOLUTION
This video lesson brings into sharper focus the many events which down through the ages have resulted in the great diversity of life on this planet...in a process called evolution. Specifically, this lesson takes a looks at the Hardy-Weinberg Principle of population genetics. Students will understand how such factors as genetic drift, the founder effect, mutations, and random mating play a role in altering the frequencies of genes within a population. They should come to understand that changes in the genetic message are often expressed as physical changes in the organism and that these changes may or may not confer a survival advantage upon the organism. Also covered in this video lesson are the mechanisms of allopatric and sympatric speciation, two hypotheses which attempt to explain the origin for entirely new species. The student will come to appreciate the observations and conclusions which lead Darwin to his famous treatise. [Color, 20 minutes, Grades 9-12] $39.95 TT0071

Textbook Tapes® Order Form

P.O.#	Date:
Name:	Name:
School/Co.:	School/Co.:
Shipping Address:	Billing Address:
Phone:	E-Mail:

Quantity	Item #	Textbook Tapes® Title	Price	Total









			Subtotal
			TN 9.25% tax
			Shipping
			Total

VISA CARD #	MASTER CARD #
Expiration Date:	Signature:

Please add $3 shipping and handling for the first videotape or book and $1 for each additional videotape or book. Tennessee residents add 9.25% sales tax.

Please print this page, fill in the appropriate spaces and mail to:
Textbook Tapes, Inc.
3102 Schaad Road
Knoxville, TN 37921

Or fax to:
(865)947-4320
email Address..... textbooktapes@comcast.net

Textbook Tapes® Order Form

http://www.textbooktapes.com